Jewish Community of Szeged

cemetery

the Jewish cemetery in Szeged

The Jewish burial site, which still exists today, was established 182 years ago and covers an area of almost 5.6 hectares. The Israelite cemetery, surrounded by Roman Catholic and Serbian Orthodox sections within the city centre cemetery, is a world apart.

The Jewish cemetery in Szeged is unique not only because of the famous people buried there (Pickek, Kotányik, Herzek, Lőwök, etc.), but also because of its special textures and exceptional symbols. From the very beginning (1785), members of the Jewish community, our world-famous dead, rabbis, elders, scholars and the remains of former notable families rest in this cemetery. The present Jewish cemetery in Szeged was established 190 years ago, in 1831, when it was designated outside the city limits, together with the other cemeteries. The area was extended several times and the cemetery caretaker's house was added.

Text source: https://www.szombat.org/hagyomany-tortenelem/lennszunnyadok-alma (by Dóra Pataricza)

"Ciduk Hadin House"

The imposing domed building, still visible today, towering over the cemetery, is the so-called "Ciduk Hadin House", the cemetery's ceremonial building, designed by Lipót Baumhorn (1860, Kisbér - 1932, Budapest), unique in its style.[1] Built between 1903 and 1907 in the same historicist style as the New Synagogue in Szeged, this imposing building, combining Moorish and Art Nouveau elements, was constructed on the site of the former cinterem, or cemetery ceremonial building, destroyed in the Szeged floods. With its distinctive shape and brick cladding, this building is almost a sister to the New Synagogue and the headquarters of the local community in Szeged. [2] In the fields above the two opposite entrances to the cinterem, the word "Peace" is inscribed on one side, and on the north side the date of the building's construction according to the Hebrew calendar: התרס "ז, and a quotation in a semicircle: They enter in peace, they rest in their reclining places, they who walk in uprightness. (Isa 45:7, IMIT)

The interior wall of the building, illuminated by candlesticks in the shape of the Star of David, bears Hebrew religious texts and the names of those who died in the brick factory on Mihály Cserzy Street in June 1944. The World War I memorial plaque on the wall of the cinterem was designed by graphic artist Ármin Tardos-Taussig (1874, Timisoara - 1936, Szeged).3 Ten windows, about 6 metres high, are decorated with painted poppy flowers and poppy seedpods, symbols of death. The builders inscribed the names of their deceased relatives on the edges of the windows, some of which can still be read today, such as (in their Jewish names) Bach Efraim Bar Cvi, Ungar Reizl, Landesberg Avraham, Landesberg Smuel and his wife Finkel. It was renovated in 1996, its floor tiles and furniture are still original.[4] In the middle of the interior of the ceremonial building, in the basement, there is a trap door where a simple wooden coffin covered with a black sheet is placed until the ceremony. In the basement there is an H-shaped crypt system with seventy-two crypt chambers, where the coffin is lowered directly for crypt burials.[5] The vaults below are no longer used because of high ground water levels for much of the year. During the Second World War, more were broken open in the hope of finding "treasures", and only one remains intact. Lőw described this burial in detail in one of his eulogies: Whoever digs a niche in the tomb for his deceased is exempt from all other mitzvos for the time being. It was a sacred action to clear away the deceased in all our countries. The most ancient way was to use the niches dug in the cavities of the limestone rocks of the holy ground. The niches that emerged from the rock cavities, כוך, they placed the body. This ancient funerary order, which required an unburied tomb and a recessed wall cavity for a burial chamber, was renewed by our chevra when he turned the underground masonry of this temple-like dome into a tomb chamber. A protective roof lightly covers the sleep of the sleepers.[6]

The hedges along the cemetery roads in the northern, extended part were designed by Immánuel Lőw.[7] The old area, defined by the president of the chevra kadisha, Mózes Joachim Schäffer (1793 - 1882) in 1831, included a row of tuyas and oak trees,[8] and beyond, from north to south, a row of birch trees, Japanese acacia, tuyas, chestnut trees, hazel trees and elm trees, lined with stone and earth paths, which were completed by 1896.[9]

More than 13,000 burials have taken place since the cemetery was established. However, about 6,000 of the gravesites are no longer identifiable.[10] Many of the inscriptions on the early gravestones are barely legible due to the type or condition of the stone, while the newer ones often bear quotations, epitaphs (in most cases the characteristic lines of Lőw Immánuel written in hexameter) or inscriptions referring to the deceased. According to chevra kadisha rules, all epitaphs had to be approved by the community leadership. The rules stipulated that the side facing the grave could have a short inscription in Hebrew, followed by biographical details, then two or four verses in Hebrew, and in exceptional cases more, followed by religious words of consolation; the other side of the stone could be in German or Hungarian - but no tombstone could be made without a Hebrew inscription. [11] A peculiarity of the Jewish cemetery in Szeged is that on many gravestones the words "born", "married" and "died" are often replaced by symbols, as suggested by Immánuel Lőw: a star, a ring and a poppy seed that brings deep sleep.

The tomb of Lipót Lőw

One of the most magnificent tombs is that of the former Chief Rabbi Lipót Lőw. The tumba with Hebrew and Hungarian inscriptions stands on a raised base under a Greek colonnade with tympanum decoration. We know from the records of Joachim Mózes Schäffer that the Chief Rabbi himself designated his burial place. Once, when they went to the cemetery, the Chief Rabbi asked where the grave of Joseph Klein was - he was his children's teacher and the notary of the community. When they got there, he asked that the graves of the Talmudists and teachers be in that row and that he too be placed there one day, right next to Klein Joseph, and he also asked that there be no other graves among them. The grave of his son, Lőw Immánuel, is a few steps away.

The tombs are of course also an indication of social status: the crypts, the huge marble tombs, were all built before the war, and their size, their inscriptions, even the surrounding gardens and fences reflect the material status.

As in Christian cemeteries, it is customary in Jewish cemeteries to mark the war dead.for ancestors to build monumental tombs. In addition to these, it is a Hungarian custom to mention the names of heroes and those who perished in the Holocaust on the family tombstone. In the Szeged cemetery there are also monuments to the heroes of the First World War and the victims of the Holocaust.

The richness of our cemetery's stones, inscriptions, symbols, the park, the changes in the spaces used for burial are a faithful reflection of the life and fate of the Jewish community of the time. The once rich Jewish community of Szeged has dwindled and burials are very rare. However, the cemetery is a very good representation of the size and even the status of the former community. Walking among its graves with special symbols and its elaborate wrought-iron fences, Lőw's description is particularly poignant.He prays fervently for your silent repose - our dear grave-dwellers - who saw the rows of graves multiply and thicken for more than half a century, who planted the evergreen and deciduous rows of trees and imagined the dome of this cinterem as a worthy frame for mourning; who wrote the epitaph of parents, brothers and sisters, of Gothica and Terka, with the blood of his heart:[12] To him every hill and every blade of grass in this tomb is holy."[13]

Source: https://www.szombat.org/hagyomany-tortenelem/lennszunnyadok-alma (by Dóra Pataricza)

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Bibliography

Ábrahám Vera: The funeral poems of Immánuel Lőw. Texts in the Neologos Israelite cemetery in Szeged. In: Hungarian Jewish Review booklets 3, MTA-ORZSE Jewish Cultural Studies Research Group 2009.

Ábrahám Vera: Jewish cemeteries of Szeged. Szeged: [unknown publisher], 2016.

Hidvégi Máté:The life of Lőw Immánuel. The Life of Immánuel Lőw. M. Mvydvíán and M. Lőván Immuán's Léhán Immuán's Lőván Léhán Immuán. Budapest: Scolar, 2019.

Lőw Immánuel: One hundred speeches. Szeged: published by Jenő Schwarz, 1923.

János Oláh: Burial according to Jewish tradition in biblical and Talmudic times and today. In Kharón - Thanatological Review V/4 (2001), 40-51.

Ágnes Ivett Oszkó: Lipót Baumhorn (1860-1932). Budapest: Holnap Kiadó, 2020.

Alfréd Schőner: Three homilies in the mirror of history. Hungarian Jewish Review 5 (2008), 11-31.

Tardos Taussig Ármin: Symbolic tombs. Szeged: Traub, 1932.

[1] The Hebrew name for the cemetery's ceremonial hall is the ciduk hadin, after the prayer said at the funeral. The ciduk hadin (acquiescence to God's will) is also the name of a prayer said by the mourner in the cemetery. In Szeged, at the suggestion of Chief Rabbi Lőw Immánuel (1854, Szeged - 1944, Budapest), the ceremonial hall was called a cinterem. Schőner 2008, 21 and Oláh 2001, 44.

[2] Oszkó 2020, 137.

[3] Tardos-Taussig 1932, 9.

[4] Oszkó 2020, 137.

[5] Drawings of the cinterem: EN MNL CSML XV.2a 2684/1906

[6] Lőw, "Böhm László" in Lőw 1923, 393-394. László Böhm (1898-1920) was the brother of the author of this article, Dóra Pataricza's great-grandfather, Pál Böhm. In addition to László, Sándor Böhm and Róza Arany, great-great-grandfather and great-great-grandmother of Dóra Pataricza, are also buried in the crypt.

[7] Hidvégi 2019, 28.

[8] Abraham 2009, 13

[9] István Nagy cemetery caretaker, personal interview, 2022.06.24.

[10] In 2022, the digital processing of the remaining stones of the Jewish cemetery in Szeged began under the leadership of Vera Ábrahám, Krisztina Frauhammer and Dóra Pataricza. In the first phase of the project, which was handed over in June 2022, 50 gravestones were given a QR code, which can be used to read a short biography of the person buried underneath. The project was financed by Bonafarm (successor of Pick Szeged Zrt.).

[11] Abraham 2016, 73.

[12] On the grave verses of Lőw Immánuel: Ábrahám 2009, 13-17.

[13] Lőw, "The centenary cemetery. 1931". in Lőw 1939, 2: 236.

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